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Experiment
4
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Density
Determinations
Overview
This experiment consists of three parts: measuring the density of
an irregularly shaped solid, measuring the density of a
unknown liquid sample, and making multiple measurements of
the density of water.
This experiment also gives you practice in working with
significant figures in measurements. In order to determine the
density of a material, you need to determine the mass and the volume
of a sample of the material. In the laboratory, it is far easier to
determine the mass of an object precisely (using a balance) than it
is to determine the volume of the object. This leads to some careful
consideration of significant figures when calculating the density of
the object (mass divided by volume).
Calculations:
Since you make several determinations of the density of each
sample, it is possible to calculate a mean value for each of the
densities, average deviation, and percent deviation. For a review of
the calculation of average and percent deviations, see the Help file
for Experiment 1 (or click
here to
go to that file).
Report Page 13
For Part C (Density of distilled water) note that the mass and
volume readings should be cumulative after each additional amount of
water is withdrawn from the buret and weighed. For example, line 3b
should represent the total mass and the total volume after the
second sample is withdrawn from the buret (not just the increased
mass and increased volume since the first sample was withdrawn).
Since we know the density of water is around 1 g/mL, we should see a
roughly linear relationship between the masses and the volumes.
Density of Solid: Page 13, Part II A
Suppose the following data were recorded for the solid sample
(see Page 13 Part A):
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Trial 1
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Trial 2
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Trial 3
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Mass empty beaker
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7.32 g |
7.44 g |
7.21 g |
Mass beaker + solid
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18.52 g |
18.55 g |
18.46 g |
Volume water in cylinder
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25.2 mL |
24.1 mL |
27.3 mL |
Volume water + solid
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30.7 mL |
29.2 mL |
32.7 mL |
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1. Volume of solid sample - calculation Trial 1
The solid caused the water level for Trial 1 to rise from 25.2 to
30.7 mL. Since the solid did not react with or dissolve in the
water, the volume of the solid in mL is represented by just the
change in water levels. Calculate the volume of the solid, then
click here
to check your answer.
2. Mass of solid sample - calculation Trial 1
The mass of the solid sample is just the difference between the
mass of the empty beaker and the mass of the beaker with the
solid. Based on the data in the table above, calculate the mass of
the solid sample for Trial 1, and then click
here to
check your answer.
3. Density of Solid Sample - calculation Trial 1
The density of a sample represents the mass of the sample divided
by the volume of the sample. For the solid sample in Trial 1,
calculate the density, then click
here to
check your answer. Pay close attention to significant figures!
4. Average Density of Solid Sample
Remember that you have to average the densities determined in all
three trials (not just two).
For the data in the table above, the three individual densities
as calculated from the data in the table (in the same manner as
illustrated above for Trial 1) are as follows
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Trial 1
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Trial 2
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Trial 3
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Density
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2.0 g/mL |
2.2 g/mL |
2.1 g/mL |
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The average (mean) density is then the sum of the three densities
divided by the number of trials (three). Calculate the average
density, then click
here to
check your answer.
5. Deviations in Density
Remember to calculate the deviations for all three trials.
For a review of deviation calculations, see Experiment 1 (or
click here).
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Deviation
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Trial 1
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(2.0 - 2.1) = -0.1 g/mL |
Trial 2
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(2.1 - 2.1) = 0.0 g/mL |
Trial 3
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(2.2 - 2.1) = 0.1 g/mL |
6. Average deviation in density of solid
Remember to calculate the average based on all three trials.
For a review of average deviation calculations, see Experiment 1
(or click
here).
7. Percent deviation in density of solid
For a review of percent deviation calculations, see Experiment 1
(or click
here).
Density of Liquid Unknown: Page 15, Section IIB
Remember that all calculations should be for all three
trials (not just Trials 1 and 2).
Suppose the following data were recorded for the density of the
liquid unknown (see Page 14, Part IB):
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Trial 1
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Trial 2
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Trial 3
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Mass beaker + liquid
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31.42 g |
33.69 g |
34.54 g |
Volume of liquid
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21.6 mL |
23.6 mL |
23.7 mL |
Mass empty beaker
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7.25 g |
7.49 g |
7.92 g |
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1. Volume of Liquid Sample for Trial 1
There is no calculation involved here. You measured the volume
directly with the graduated cylinder. The volume for Trial 1 (see
table above) is 21.6 mL.
2. Mass of Liquid Sample for Trial 1
This is just the difference in mass between the empty beaker and
the beaker with the liquid in it! For Trial 1 in the table above,
calculate the mass of the liquid sample, then click
here to
check your result.
3. Density of Liquid Sample for Trial 1
The density of a liquid sample is the mass of the sample divided
by its volume. Since the mass is known to 4 significant figures, but
the volume is only known to 3 significant figures, the calculated
density should only be expressed to 3 significant figures. For the
mass and volume for Trial 1, calculate the density of the liquid
sample, then click
here to
check your answer.
4. Average Density of Liquid Sample
Remember that all three trials should be used (not just
Trials 1 and 2).
The densities for the three trials (calculated as shown for Trial
1 above) and the average density are given below:
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Trial 1
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Trial 2
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Trial 3
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Density
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1.12 g/mL |
1.11 g/mL |
1.12 g/mL |
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Trial 1
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Trial 2
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Trial 3
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Deviation
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0.00 g/mL |
-0.01 g/mL |
0.00 g/mL |
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6. Average Deviation in Density of Liquid
Again, be sure to use all three trials, and remember that
in calculating the average deviation it is the absolute
value of the deviations which should be used.
Note that because our three densities really agreed with each
other well, we come up with an average deviation of effectively 0.00
g/mL (when significant figures are considered).
7. Percent Deviation in Density of Liquid
Density of Distilled Water: Page 15, Part IIC
1. Corrected Mass and Volume After Each Addition of Water
We don't really care what the beaker you used weighs, and we
don't care to what level you filled the buret before you started
taking water samples from it: we just need the mass of each water
sample and its volume. Remember that we for each set of data you
recorded in Part C on Page 13, we want the total cumulative mass and
volume after each addition of water (not just the incremental amount
since the previous edition. To calculate the mass after each
addition, subtract the mass of the empty beaker from the current
mass (with current amount of water present). To calculate the volume
after each addition, subtract the initial reading of the buret
before any water was dispensed from the current buret reading for a
particular sample.
2. Graph
It is essential that you follow the graphing instructions given
in the Appendix at the back of the lab manual for making your graph.
Graphs count a lot in lab and you will receive major penalties if
you do not follow the instructions provided. There is also a sample
graph for this experiment posted in the laboratory.
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